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Question In the electric equipment producing heat e.g. iron, electric heater, boiler, toaster, etc. an alloy such as Nichrome is used, not pure metals Answer The working of heating devices such as a toaster and an electric iron is based on the heating effect of the electric current, i.e., conversion of electric  energy into heat by passage of electric current through a metallic conductor.  An alloy, such as Nichrome, has high resistivity and it can be heated to high temperature without oxidation, in contrast to pure metals. Therefore, the coils in heating devices such as toaster and an electric iron are made of an alloy, such as Nichrome, rather than a pure metal.

Question In particle the unit kW.h rather than the joule, is used for the measurement if electric energy  Answer  If an electric device rated 230 V, 5 A is operated for one hour, electric energy used = VIt =230 V * 5 A * 3600 s = 4140000joules. If this energy  is expressed in kW.h, it will be 4140000/3.6*10^6 kW.h = 1.15kW.h  rather than the joule, is used for the measurement of electric energy.  

Question  Tungsten is used to make a solenoid type coil in an electric bulb Answer  The intensity of light emitted by the filament of a bulb depends on the temperature of the filament.  It increase with the temperature. The melting point of the material used to make filament of a bulb should be very high so that the filament can be heated to a high temperature by passing a current through it, without melting it.  This enables us to obtain more light. The melting point of tungsten is very high (3410C). Hence, tungsten is used to make a solenoid type coil (filament) in an electric bulb. 

Question In an electric iron, the coil of high resistance is kept between mica sheets Answer  Mica is a bad conductor of electricity and good conductor of heat. In an electric iron, the coil of high resistance is kept between mica sheets so that here is no electrical contact between the coil and heavy metal block of the iron through there is a heat transfer. This protects the users from getting a electric shock.

Question  Zinc powder reacts much faster with dil. H2SO4 than does granulated zinc of the same mass. Answer  In a reaction, The rate of the reaction depends upon the particle size of the solid reactant as the reaction takes place on the surface only.   Smaller the particle are, the more will be their total surface area and faster will be the rate of the reaction. Hence, zinc powder reacts much faster with dil. H2SO4 than does granulated zinc.  

Question What is Newlands' law of octaves Concentrated hydrochloric acid reacts more vigorously with calcium carbonate than dilute hydrochloric acid   Answer The rate of reaction increases with the concentration of the reactant. As concentrated hydrochloric acid contain more number of HCL molecules than those in equal volume of dilute HCL, concentrated HCL reacts more vigorously with calcium carbonate. 

Question  For electric power transmission, copper or aluminum wire is used Answer  What is Newlands' law of octaves Copper an aluminum are good conductors of electricity. Copper and aluminum have very low resistivity. Hence, when an electric current flows through a wire of copper or aluminum heat produce is comparatively low. Therefore, for electric power transmission, copper and aluminum wire is used. 

Question bottom of the pond appears raised Answer The rays of light coming from the bottom of a pond bend away from the normal as they travel from water (denser medium) to air (rarer medium). What is Newlands' law of octaves Hence, they appear to come from a point above the actual point from which they come. Therefore, the bottom of the pond appears raised.

Question It is recommended to use air tight container for storing oil for long time What is Newlands' law of octaves Answer If edible oil is allowed to stand for a long time, it undergoes air oxidation, it becomes rancid and its smell and taste change. Rancidity in the food stuff cooked in oil or ghee is prevented by using antioxidants. This process of oxidation reaction of foodstuff can also be slow down by storing it in air tight container.

Question When the gas formed on heating lime stone is passed through freshly prepared lime water, the lime water turns milky Answer  When lime stone is heated, calcium oxide and carbon oxide and carbon dioxide are formed. This carbon dioxide gas is passed through freshly prepared lime water, insoluble calcium carbonate and water are formed. In this reaction, lime water turns milky. What is Newlands' law of octaves

Question It takes time for pieces of Shahabad tile to disappear in HCL, but it's powder disappear rapidly Answer The rate of the reaction depends upon the size of the particles of the reactants taking part in the reaction. The smaller the size of the reactants particles, the more is their total surface area and the faster is the rate of reaction. In the reaction of dil. HCL with prices of Shahabad tile disappear slowly. On the other hand, CO2 effervescence forms at faster rate with Shahabad tile powder and it disappear rapidly.

Question Physical states of reactants and products are mentioned while writing a chemical equation . Answer What is Newlands' law of octaves While writing a chemical equation, gaseous, liquid and solid states are symbolised as (g), (l) and (s) respectively. This is done to make it more informative and to emphasise that those reactions occur in that manner only under those conditions. Hence, physical states of reactants and products are mentioned while writing a chemical equation.

Question  Grills of doors and windows are always painted before they used Answer Grills of doors and windows are made from iron.  Iron has a tendency to undergo corrosion. Paint does not allow air or moisture to come in contact with iron surface. Therefore, to prevent rusting of iron. Grills of doors and windows are always painted before they are used. What is Newlands' law of octaves

Question Fluorine is the most reactive among the halogens . Answer  What is Newlands' law of octaves Fluorine has the electronic configuration 2, 7.  It requires only one electron to complete the octet.  The atomic size of fluorine is smallest among the halogens. Hence, the nuclear attraction on the outermost electrons is maximum. Hence, Fluorine is the most reactive among the halogens. Other questions like this   (1) Atomic radius goes on decreasing while going from let to right in a period. (2)  Atomic radius goes on increasing down a group.  (3)  Element belonging to the same group have the same valency . (4)   Zero group element (inert gases) are called noble gases . (5)  While going down the second group, the reactivity of the alkaline earth metal increase.

Question While going down the second group, the reactivity of the alkaline earth metal increase.  Answer The reaction of alkaline earth metal with water is M + 2H2O - M(OH)2 + H2. While going down the second group as Be - Mg - Ca - Sr - Ba, the graduation in this chemical property of the alkaline earth metal is seen.  What is Newlands' law of octaves While going down the second group the reactivity of the alkaline earth metal goes on increasing thereby the ease with which the reaction takes place also goes on increasing. Thus, beryllium (Be) does not react with water. Mg (Magnesium) reacts with steam. whereas calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr) and Barium (Ba) reacts with water at room temperature with increasing rates. Other questions like this  (1)    Atomic radius goes on decreasing while going from let to right in a period. (2)  Atomic radius goes on increasing down a group.  (3)  Element belonging to the same group have the same valency . (4)  ...

Question Zero group element (inert gases) are called noble gases. Give scientific reason. Answer  In the atoms of the inert gas element (zero group elements), all the electronic shells, including the outermost shell, are completely filled. What is Newlands' law of octaves The electronic configuration is stable, and these elements do not lose or accept electrons.  These elements do not take part in chemical reaction. These elements are gases. hence, they are called noble gases. Other questions like this  (1)    Atomic radius goes on decreasing while going from let to right in a period. (2)  Atomic radius goes on increasing down a group.  (3)  Element belonging to the same group have the same valency . (4)   While going down the second group, the reactivity of the alkaline earth metal increase. (5)  Fluorine is the most reactive among the halogens.

Question  Element belonging to the same group have the same valency. Answer  The valency of an element is determined by the number of valence electron in the outermost shell of an atom of an element. All the elements in group have the same number of valence electrons. Therefore, elements in the same group should have the same valency.  What is Newlands' law of octaves For example, the elements of group 1 contain only one valency of element of a group 1 is one. Similarly for group 2, the valency is two . Other questions like this  (1)     Atomic radius goes on decreasing while going from let to right in a period. (2)  Atomic radius goes on increasing down a group.  (3)   Zero group element (inert gases) are called noble gases . (4)   While going down the second group, the reactivity of the alkaline earth metal increase . (5)  Fluorine is the most reactive among the halogens.

Question Atomic radius goes on increasing down a group. Answer  The size of an atom is increased by its radius. While going down a group a new shell is added. therefore, the distance between the outermost shell. Due to the increased nuclear charge the electrons are pulled towards the nucleus to a greater extent, as a result the size of atom decreases i.e., atomic radius decreases. Other questions like this  (1)    Atomic radius goes on decreasing while going from let to right in a period. (2)  Element belonging to the same group have the same valency . (3)  Zero group element (inert gases) are called noble gases . (4)   While going down the second group, the reactivity of the alkaline earth metal increase. (5)  Fluorine is the most reactive among the halogens.

Question Atomic radius goes on decreasing while going from let to right in a period. Answer  In a period while going from left to right, atomic radius decreases and the atomic number increases one by one, that means positive charge on the nucleus increases by one unit at a time.  However, the additional electron gets added to the same outermost shell. Due to the increased nuclear charge the electrons are pulled towards the nucleus to a greater extent, as a result the  size of atom decreases i.e., atomic radius decreases. (1)   Atomic radius goes on increasing down a group.  (2)  Element belonging to the same group have the same valency . (3)  Zero group element (inert gases) are called noble gases . (4)   While going down the second group, the reactivity of the alkaline earth metal increase. (5)  Fluorine is the most reactive among the halogens.

  Study of Anomalous Behavior of Water Using Hope's Apparatus 1)A flat bowl is attached to cylindrical container where thermometers T1 and T2 are used to measure temperature. T2 above the container and T1 below container water is filled in cylindrical container a freezing mixture(ice and salt) is put in flat bowl. 2)Initially, the temperature of water lowers in middle part of cylinder due to freezing mixture. 3)As temperature ↓, volume ↓ and density ↑. 4)Water with higher density moves down. T2 thermometer shows rapid fall of temperature till it becomes 4 degree Celsius.  volume 5)When temperature falls below 4 degree Celsius,  volume ↑ and density ↓. Hence moves upwards. 6)The Temperature T2 in upper part decreases rapidly to 0 degree Celsius. 7)The temperature T1 remains at 4 degree Celsius for some time and then decreases slowly to 0 degree Celsius.

  Dew point and Humidity  1)The presence of water vapor in air moist. The moisture in atmosphere is called Humidity. 2)For a given volume of air, at a specific temperature, there is limit on how much water vapor the air can contain. If the amount exceeds this limit, The excess vapor converts into water droplets. 3)When air contains maximum possible water vapor, the air is said to be saturated with vapor at that temperature.  4)If air temperature is low, it will need less vapor to saturate in the air. 5)If the vapor contained in the air is less than the maximum limit, then the air is said to be unsaturated. Relative Humidity 1)Ratio of actual mass of vapor content in the air for a given volume and temperature to that required to make the air saturated with vapor at that temperature is called Relative Humidity. 2)Relative Humidity at dew point is 100%. 3)If Relative Humidity is more than 60%, we fell that the air is humid. 4)If Relative Humidity is less than 60%, we fell th...

Latent heat of Vaporization  1)The heat energy absorbed by the liquid at constant temperature during transformation of liquid state gaseous is called latent heat of Vaporization. 2)The heat energy absorbed is utilized for weakening the bonds between molecules of liquid state and transform into gaseous state. Specific latent heat of Vaporization 1)The amount of heat energy absorbed at constant temperature by unit mass of a liquid to convert into gaseous phase is called specific latent heat of Vaporization. 2)The unit of latent heat is KJ/Kg (SI) and Cal/g (CGS).

  Unit of Heat The units of heat are joule(J) in SI units and Cal (Calorie) in CGS unit. 1 Cal Heat 1)The amount of heat necessary to raise temperature of 1g of water by 1 degree Celsius from 14.5 degree Celsius to 15.5 degree Celsius is called 1 Cal Heat. 2)Similarly, the amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1kg of water by 1 degree Celsius from 14.5 to 15.5 degree Celsius is called one kcal heat. Note 1)If we heat 1 kg of water by 1 degree Celsius in different temperature range than 14.5 to 15.5 degree Celsius the amount of heat required will be slightly different. Hence it is necessary to define specific temperature range while defining unit of heat. 2)The unit of heat is named after the scientist James Prescot Joule. 3)The tiny particle of matter posses kinetic energy. this energy appear as heat energy. 4)The conversion of heat energy to work gives first law of thermodynamics.

  Specific Heat Capacity 1)The amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of unit mass of an object by 1 degree Celsius is called specific heat of that object. 2)The property which determined that the amount of heat absorbed is different for different objects is called specific heat capacity. 3)The specific heat capacity is denoted by letter 'c'. The SI unit of specific heat capacity is J/kg degree Celsius and CGS unit is Cal/g degree Celsius. 4)If specific heat of an object is 'c', the mass of an object is 'm' and if the temperature of objects is decreased by ΔT degree Celsius, the heat energy absorbed by the object is given by m ✕ c  ✕  ΔT. 5)Similarly, if specific heat of an object is 'c', the mass of object is 'm' and the temperature of object is decreased by  ΔT degree Celsius, then heat energy lost by the object is  m ✕ c  ✕  ΔT. Measurement of Specific Heat 1)The specific heat of an object can be measure using mixing method fo...

  Heat Exchange 1)If heat is exchanged between a hot and cold object, the temperature of cold object goes on increasing due to gain of energy and temperature of hot object goes on decreasing due to loss of energy. 2)The change in temperature continues till the temperature of the both object attain the same value. 3)In this process, cold object gain energy and hot object loses energy. 4)If the system of both the object is kept isolated from the environment by kipping inside a heat resistance box, no energy can flow from inside the box or come into the box. Principle Heat Exchange Heat energy lost by hot object = Heat energy gained by cold object.

  Measurement of Specific Heat 1)The specific heat of an object can be measure using mixing method for this calorimeter is used. 2)Calorimeter is used for the measurement of specific heat. 3)If a hot solid object is put in water in calorimeter, heat exchanged between hot object, water and calorimeter starts. 4)This continues till the temperature of the solid object, water and calorimeter become equal.  5)If specific heat of water and calorimeter are known, specific heat of solid object can be calculated.

  Latent heat of fusion 1)The heat energy absorbed at constant temperature during transformation of solid into liquid is called latent heat of fusion. 2)During transition of solids phase to liquid phase, the object absorbs heat energy, but its  temperature does not increase. 3)The heat energy absorbed is utilized for weakening the bonds between the atoms or molecules in the solid and transform it into liquid phase. Specific latent heat of fusion. The amount of het energy absorbed at constant temperature by unit mass of solid to convert into liquid phase is called the specific latent heat of fusion.

  Melting point of solid The constant temperature at which the solid is converted into liquid state is called melting point of solid. Eg: melting point of ice=0 degree Celsius. Regelation 1)Regelation is phenomenon in which ice converted into liquid due to applied pressure and then re-converts into ice once the pressure is removed is called Regelation. 2)When the pressure is applied on it, melting point of ice become lower than 0 degree Celsius. This means that at 0 degree Celsius, the ice gets converted into ice again. 3)As soon as the pressure is removed, the melting point is restored to 0 degree Celsius and water gets converted into ice again.

  Control Measure of Water Pollution 1) Sewage water treatment- The house hold water should be treated properly so that they become environmentally safe. 2) Do not wash clothes, vehicles, animals in water source like river, ponds. 3) Do not pour fat from cooking or any other type of fat, oil or grease down the sink. 4) Controlled use of pesticides and fertilizers in agricultural farm so that it prevents runoffs of the material into nearby water source. 5) Don't throw paints, oil or other forms of liter down the drain. 6) Use environmentally household products such as washing power, household cleaning agents and toiletries. 7)Reducing the effluent concentration of the waste in water by  waste water treatment,  industrial in-plant process control, eliminating effluent constituents by pretreatment. 8)Each industry should have effluent treatment and sewage treatment plant. 9)The effluent is treated to precipitate and filter the dissolved solids. Control Measure of Soil Pollut...

  Reasons of pollution 1) Natural: UV and IR radiation are natural radiations. 2)Artificial: X-rays and radiations from atomic power energy plants.       a) Nuclear power plant and nuclear fuel.       b) Nuclear weapons       c) Mining nuclear accident and medical waster. Effects of Radioactive Pollution 1)Cancerous ulceration occur due to higher radiation of x-rays. 2)Tissues in the body are destroyed. 3)Genetic change occur. 4)Vision is adversely affected. Radioactive pollution Radioactive pollution is caused when high energy radioactive particles mix with air, water, soil, etc.

  Need of environment conservation 1)Environmental conservation defines anything we do to protect our earth and conserve its natural resources so that every living can have an improved quality of life. 2)To conserve the natural resources and safeguard our environment we need to use efficient and eco-friendly technology. 3)General public is not aware about the rules of environment conservation. 4)It will be possible to answer the environmental problems only if environmental protection conservation becomes an effective public movement. 5)For this purpose values like positive, altitude and affection towards environment knowledge about it etc. Should be inculcated among the children (an ideas about) since their childhood. 6)This will help to make the future generations more aware about environmental conservation and protection. 7)Today all the developed, developing and underdeveloped countries have accepted the responsibility of environmental protection. 8)So as to archive this, it is ...

  Environmental conservation 1)Since existence of human there is interrelationship between human and environment. 2)Human established domination over the nature. Human utilized all the natural resources as much as possible. 3)In an attempt to live a satisfactory life human kept on snatching from the nature as much as possible and this lead to increase in problems. 4)From the we can understood that human has crucial role in the maintaining the environmental balance. 5)If the human has disturbed the environmental  balance, then human itself only can conserve and improve the quality of nature. Many times general public is unknown its that its activities are harmful environment and thereby unknowingly many activities happen.

  Laws enacted about environmental conservation 1)Forest Conservation Act- 1980 2)Environmental Conservation Act- 1986 As per wildlife protection Act-1972 As per clause 49 A, trading of rare animals has been completely banned. As per clause 49 B, use of article prepared from skin or organs of wild animal has been banned. As per clause 49 C, Disclosure of the stock of artifacts made from rare wild animals is compulsory.

Environmental conservation and biodiversity Biodiversity:                    Biodiversity is the richness of living organisms in nature. Due to presence of varieties of organisms ecosystem and genetic variation within a species. Biodiversity occur at three different levels. 1)Genetic Diversity:                    Occurrence of the diversity among the organisms of same species is genetic diversity. 2)Species Diversity:                    Innumerable species of organisms occur in the nature. This is called as species diversity. Species diversity includes various types of plants, animals and microbes. 3)Ecosystem Diversity:                   Many ecosystems are present in each region. Ecosystem is from through the interaction between plants; animals their habitat and change in the environment. Each...

  Sacred grove                    The forest conserved in the name of god and considered to be scared is called as scared grove. These are in fact 'sanctuaries' conserved by the society and not by the government forest department. As it has been conserved in the name of god, it has special protection. These clusters of thick forest are present hot only in western  Ghats  of India but in the entire country. More than 1300 groves have been reported in India. Many institute of state national and international events are involved in environmental conservation and protection. Green peace is worlds largest organization engaged in environmental activities. More than 25Lakh people from 26 countries are member of this organization. Hotspots of Biodiversity: 1)Presently only 2.3% area of the Earth has been left over with sensitive spots. It includes 1,50,000 plant species which are 50% of the world count. 2)As far as India is consid...

  How can biodiversity be conserved? Biodiversity be conserved by 1)Protecting The rare Species of organisms. 2)Establishing national p arks and Sanctuary. 3)Declaring some regions as bioreserve. 4)Projects for conservation of special species. 5)Conserving all plants and animals. 6)Observing the rules. 7)Maintaining record of traditional knowledge.

  Abiotic Components                      Physical and chemical factors like air, water minerals, soil, sunlight, PH value, calcium phosphate. That means non living things are abiotic components.   Biotic Component                      living organisms producers, herbivorous, carnivorous animal and decomposers are biotic components. 

  Environment                  Physical, chemical and biological factors affecting the living organism in any possible ways to collectively called an environment. It includes many biotic and abiotic natural and artificial factors.   Biomes                  The major ecosystem where serval habitats insects each other are called biomes. Earth is a largest biomes. Ecology                  The science the deals with the study of interaction between biotic  and abiotic factors of the environment.   Ecosystem                  Biotic and abiotic factors occupying and their interactions collectively constitute the ecosystem. A small pond is an ecosystem and earth is largest ecosystem.  Environment Conservation                  Many environment probl...

  Environmental Management                   Unnecessary and unacceptable change in the surrounding environment due to natural events or human activities is called as environmental pollution.

  Reasons of environmental pollution: 1)Population explosion  2)Past industrialization  3)Indiscriminate use of natural resources 4)Deforestation 5)Unplanned urbanization and responsible for environmental pollution. Various types of pollution like air, water, sound oil, thermal light pollution occur around us, affect of all the organisms, directly and indirectly. Air pollution                       Gases like CO2,CO hydrocarbons, Sulphur, NO, H2S etc. and solid particles like dust ash carbon, lead, asbestos, etc. polluted the air.

  Two types of environment. 1)Natural environment  2)Artificial environment  1) Natural Environment:                       Natural environmental consists of air, atmosphere, water, land, living organism. etc. 2)Artificial environment:                       (man made environment)

Effect on Environment 1)Deforestation and fuel combustion increase in CO2 levels. 2)Increase the atmospheric temperature of the earth  3)Due to change in pattern of rainfall affects agricultural production. 4)Acid rain fall. 5)Ozone layer depletion. 6)Global warming.

  Source of air pollution 1)Combustion of fuel. 2)Types of burning- Burning of coal, forest fires, municipal solid, water. 3)Transportation- Vehicle produces 50% air pollution. 4)Agriculture- Open field burning- SO2, CO2, CH4, CO, oxides of nitrogen mix in air, decomposition produces, green house gases. 5)Industry: Chemical, petrochemical, thermal power plants the smoke released in air in the large extend.

  Control measure 1)Plantation  2)Industrial waste or agricultural waste do not burnt in open. 3)Limited burning of fuel. 4)The vehicles used for transportation are in good service. 5)Proper solid waste management without burning.

  Water Pollution                  Water get polluted by two main sources. 1)Man-Made Sources-                Domestic sewage, industrial sewage, chemical discharged from industries pesticides used in agriculture, Oil spills, Radioactive wastes.  2)Natural sources- 1) Natural calamities like flood, heavy rain. 2) Uncontrolled growth of water weeds. 3) Dead animals, animals waste. 4) Sulphur compounds after earthquake. 5) Ashes and chemicals after forest fires. Water pollution-Components 1)Biological-                  Algae, bacteria, viruses, parasites. 2)Inorganic-                  Fine sand, clay, soil and precipitated salt, toxic metals like arsenic, cadmium, lead, silver, mercury. 3)Organic-                Pesticides, Herbicides, manure or sewage waste from indu...

  Emergency actions in disaster  In emergency condition various transportation methods like cradle method, carrying on back carrying on two hands are to be followed. Those methods depend upon the condition of a victim. We face different types of major or minor disaster in your daily life victims of disaster need to be offered some primary help before actual medical treatment. first aid is useful in such circumstances.   Circulation of disaster              If the victim is unconscious then after giving mouth to mouth respiration twice, the heart should by pressed down hard by pressing the chest with both the palms. These two actions should be repeated alternately about 15 times this is called cardiopulmonary rescuitation (CPR). it helps to bring the circulation back to normal.

Basic principle of first aid 1)Airway:             If the victims has difficulty in breathing the head should be held in a backward sloping position or the chin  should be raised so that the respiratory passage remains open. 2)Breathing:                     If breathing has stopped the victim should be given artificial ventilation by mouth to mouth rescuctation. Necessary material in First-aid box 1) Bandage strips of different size 2) Wound gauze  3) Triangular and circular bandage  4) Medicated cotton  5) Hand gloves  ...more Objectives of First-aid box 1)  Saving lives 2)  Preventing deterioration of condition of victims of disaster 3)  Prevent illness or any injury form becoming worse ...more

  Objectives of first aid: 1) Saving lives. 2) Preventing deterioration of condition of victims of disaster. 3) Prevent illness or injury form becoming worse. 4) Provide immediate life saving medical care before arrival of further medical help. 5) Reliving the pains. 6) protect the unconscious. 7) Attempt to improve the condition. 8) Airway, Breathing, Circulation. Necessary material in First-Aid box

The necessary material in first aid box 1) Bandage strips of different size 2) Wound gauze  3) Triangular and circular bandage  4) Medicated cotton  5) Hand gloves  6) Clean and dry cloth pieces 7) Soap  8) Antiseptic (Dettol) 9) Safely pins 10) Blades  11) Small pins  12) Needle 13) Band aid  14) Torch 15) Scissor 16) Thermometer 17) Petroleum jelly. First-aid and emergency action First Aid:             First aid is help given to sick or injured person until full medical treatment is available.                                     or             Emergency care of treatment given to all ill or injured person until full medical aid can be obtained. Objectives of First-aid box 1)  Saving lives. 2)  Prevent illness or injury form becoming worse. 3)  Provide immediate life saving medical ca...

  Mock  drill: 1) Virtual/Apparent situation of disaster is created to check the reaction time for any type of disaster. 2) The trained personnel observe their responsibilities to check execution of plan designed for disaster red vessel. This helps to check efficiency of the  system prepared for disaster redressal. Objectives of Mock drills: 1) Evaluating the response to the disaster. 2) Improving co-ordination between various department of disaster control. 3) Identification of own abilities. 4) Improving the ability of quick response to disaster. 5) Checking the competency of the planned actions. 6) Identifying the possible errors and risks.

  Three aspects of disaster which are important for common citizens 1)Phase of emergency:                                 Maximum lives can be saved by human being during this phase only. Various actions like search and rescue operations, medical assistance, first aid, restoring communications services, removing the people form affected area. Gravity of disaster can be estimated in this phase only. 2)Transitional phase: 1)Rehabilitation of the victims is important aspects of this phase. 2)After the subsidence of any type of disaster, rehabilitation work is started in this phase. 3)It includes clearing of debris restoring water supply, repairing roads etc. which bring normalcy in public life.  4)Generally, different institutes offer the monetary and other type of help to such people.  3)Reconstruction phase: 1)This is highly complicated phase. This phase begins in transitional phase. 2)Peo...

  Objectives of disasters managements:  1) Disposal of human life suffered by human being during the calamity and release of the people. 2) Supply of essential commodities of the people to reduce the effect of disaster.  3) The restore the human life in the region by creating reconciliation in disaster.  4) Rehabitant disaster victims. 5) Considering protective measure in disaster, such disaster will not reach in future and slop take care to reduce their intensity. Thus disaster management achieving or time to time improving the ability to face the disasters though scientific and careful observations and analysis of data. Disaster management can be divided into two parts. (1 )Pre-disaster management: This includes the complete preparation and planning to face any type of disaster. (2)Post-disaster management: This includes providing all types of necessary help to victims of disaster.

  Main aspects of disaster management cycle 1)Preparation:                      Plan is prepared to minimize the destruction in any disaster if occur.  2)Redemption:                      Plan for minimizing the damage to the society and country. 3)Preparedness:                        A plan is chalked  out so as to get the quick response from general public and administration. 4)Impact of disaster:                               Intensity of various aspects of disaster and disaster management are reviewed.  5) Response:                  Response to the disaster is to be given immediately after the incidence. The factor is followed by the disaster strike in the cycle. 6) Resurgence: ...